紧急突发事件预案

Planning for incidents and emergencies

Your duties as an event organiser
You must have plans in place to respond effectively to health and safety incidents and other emergencies that might occur at an event.

This emergency plan needs to be in proportion to the level of risk presented by event activities and the potential extent and severity of the incident.

What you need to do
Consider the key risks to the event and those people present.

Using the resources available to you onsite, develop emergency procedures to be followed by staff and volunteers in an emergency, eg a fire or structural failure.

Include contingencies to deal with incidents and situations as varied as an entertainment act cancelling at short notice, severe weather, or the unavailability of key staff in your team.

You will also need to consider your response to more serious emergencies, including major incidents that will require the help of the emergency services and implementation of their regional emergency plans (which may not be specific to the event).

For all but the smallest events with low risks (or those in fixed venues with established procedures), draw up and discuss your plans with the police, fire and rescue service, ambulance service, emergency planning and, for fixed premises like stadiums and arenas, the venue management.

The detail and complexity of any discussions should be proportionate to the risks involved. Both organiser and emergency services should be clear about who will do what if there is an emergency or major incident.

Develop an emergency plan
Most event emergency plans should address the same basic requirements, to:

get people away from immediate danger
summon and assist emergency services
handle casualties
deal with the displaced / non-injured (eg at a festival with camping)
liaise with the emergency services and other authorities (and, where the situation is serious, hand over responsibility for the incident / emergency)
protect property
Emergency procedures
Procedures for staff and volunteers to follow in an emergency should include:

raising the alarm
informing the public
onsite emergency response, ie use of fire extinguishers
summoning the emergency services
crowd management, including evacuation, where necessary
evacuation of people with disabilities
traffic management, including emergency vehicles
incident control
liaison with emergency services
providing first aid and medical assistance
First aid and medical assistance
As well as workers, HSE strongly recommends that you include the visiting public in your first aid, medical and ambulance needs assessment. You should balance onsite medical and ambulance provision against existing local NHS and ambulance service provision and capacity.

Except for small, low-risk events where ambulances may not be required, and at events where they are not onsite, plans should be drawn up in conjunction with the local NHS ambulance service to clarify how patients will be taken to hospital.

The Event Industry Forum is currently writing guidance to help with first aid and medical assessments for an audience at an event.

Organisation
Appoint people to implement your procedures if there is an incident or emergency.

Make sure that all relevant staff members, no matter what their normal working role, understand what they should do in an emergency, eg the location of exits, emergency equipment, how to raise the alarm and from whom they should receive instructions.

Evacuation
Emergencies can develop very rapidly. Make sure that you are equipped to move the audience to a total or relative place of safety without delay. The following will be helpful:

Plan escape routes and make sure they remain available and unobstructed.
Consider signs for people unfamiliar with escape routes.
Light all escape routes sufficiently for people to use them safely in an emergency.
Make sure emergency lighting complies with the requirements of BS 5266-1. Use an independent power source, eg a generator, in case the mains electricity supply fails.
If using floodlighting, lighting towers etc as temporary lighting make sure it does not shine in people’s faces along the escape route, making it more difficult for them. As an alternative, ‘festoon lighting’ along an escape route prevents glare.
Plan how, where necessary, you will evacuate people to a place of relative safety from where they can proceed to a place of total safety.
Plan to provide additional assistance to people with a disability, those with limited mobility and children.
Where children are separated from their parents, as in crèches, play areas etc, make arrangements for their safe evacuation clear so that parents don’t try to reach them against the normal direction of escape.
All doors and gates leading to final exits, as well as site exits themselves, should be available for immediate use at all times. Check they are:
unlocked – if security is an issue they should be staffed not locked
free from obstructions
open outwards in the direction of escape
For further guidance on escape routes and strategies see the Guide to safety at sports grounds and Fire Safety Risk Assessment guides on Small and Medium Places of Assembly, Large Places of Assembly and Open Air Events and Venues.

Show stop
Effective response to an emergency can sometimes mean a rapid and controlled halt to a performance to prevent further risk to the audience or to initiate an evacuation.

'Show stop' (a term used for this procedure) involves:

identifying the key people involved, in particular who can initiate a show-stop procedure, who will communicate with the performer or participants, and who will communicate with the audience
deciding how these key people will initiate a show-stop procedure
having a pre-agreed text for public announcements (consider your lines of communication, eg radios, PA systems)
briefing the management of performers or participants in advance about the show-stop procedure
This should be documented to ensure good communication between key agencies and adherence to the agreed plan.

After the incident:
Once the risk has been reduced to a tolerable level, you can consider restarting the performance / event.
Only restart the performance after consultation with other key agencies on site, eg emergency services.
Transfer of authority for an emergency/major incident
If the emergency services declare an emergency / major incident onsite at an event, all of the event personnel and resources will work under the command of the police. However, it may be that the police declare one part of the event as under their authority in order to respond to the emergency / major incident, but leave other parts of the event under the control of the event organiser.

Testing and validation
In many cases, validation of your emergency plan may take the form of a table top exercise, where you and others work through a range of scenarios and establish the effectiveness of your responses.

Test the communication systems, eg radios and public announcement equipment, before the event.

Find out more
Case study of a developing emergency

活动安全管理

Managing an event

Your duties as an event organiser
You are responsible for ensuring that overall safety at the event is maintained so that as far as reasonably practicable, people setting up, breaking down and attending the event are not exposed to risks to their health and safety.

These duties will include:
having health and safety arrangements in place to control risks
ensuring co-operation and proper co-ordination of work activities
providing your employees and others with relevant information on any risks to their health and safety
ensuring the competence of staff to undertake their role safely
monitoring health and safety compliance
reviewing your health and safety arrangements
What you need to do
Once physical activity starts at the event site, attention should move away from planning and paperwork to the effective management and monitoring of site operations, as follows:

Management
Have appropriate management systems in place for each phase of the event to make sure health and safety risks are controlled. While the numbers onsite during the public period will be significantly greater, the need for safety management during build up, load-in, breakdown and load-out is just as important. There may be fewer people, but this is likely to be when the highest-risk work activities are carried out.

Co-ordination
Ensure co-operation and proper co-ordination of all work activities on the site. This does not mean you become responsible for all the individual technical work carried out by third parties. Rather you should make sure you develop a safe overall phased programme of work by taking into account contractor risk assessments and communicating this to all relevant parties.

Further information
Using contractors: A brief guide
Managing contractors
Information
Provide your employees and others, including contractors, with relevant information on any risks to their health and safety identified by your risk assessment/s. Your contractors will need to do the same for their employees.

Do this as part of a general site induction and briefings about individual work activities or tasks. For example, you may need to tell people coming onto site about:

site hazards and control measures
buried services such as electric cables
safe speed limits
where they can safely park
first aid, toilets and wash facilities
emergency arrangements
weather forecast news
procedures for using / booking plant
You may also want to provide relevant health and safety information to the public, eg in the form of signage.

Competence
Staff should be competent to undertake their role safely. There should also be an appropriate level of competent supervision, proportionate to the risk, nature of the work and the personnel involved.

Monitoring and review
Periodically, you should check your agreed methods for controlling risks and test them to make sure they are working and being followed. Your risk assessment should set out the frequency of checks, who is responsible for them, and the methods they use.

For small-scale events, a simple checklist is probably enough.

For larger events, such as a festival, a number of people may share the monitoring role. Whoever has the role should be familiar with the risk assessment findings and control measures, and be able to identify new hazards and assess risks as they arise.

Others with managerial responsibilities can also assist in this monitoring role while undertaking their other duties.

For guidance on accidents, ill health and dangerous occurrences see RIDDOR.

活动结束后的安全总结

It is good practice to debrief after an event. Consider including other agencies like the police and local authority in the debrief process. Listen to problems and successes and make improvements for future events.

活动安全如何入手？

Planning
The level of detail in your planning should be proportionate to the scale of the event and the degree of risk.

Health and safety management arrangements
First, decide who will help you with your duties as an event organiser.

Whatever the scale of the event, make sure there is a clear understanding within the organising team of who will be responsible for safety matters. For organisations with five or more employees, this is likely to be driven by the company’s health and safety policy. See Write a health and safety policy for your business.

Safety plan
As an event organiser, identify the:

scale, type and scope of the event
type and size of audience
location
duration of the event
time of day and year the event will be held
These factors will help you to determine what resources and facilities will be required.

Translate this information into an appropriate safety plan.

The key tool for creating a safety plan is the process of risk assessment. For information to help with your event risk assessment, see also health and safety topics.

Worker involvement
The best way to protect your employees and visitors from harm and illness is to involve your workers during the planning phase. See consult your employees.

Liaising with others
Liaise with the venue owner / management, emergency services and, where appropriate, local authority Safety Advisory Group for advice and information relevant to your planning. Discuss with them how you can control risks.

Selecting contractors
When you select and appoint contractors, consider their suitability and competence for providing a safe and reliable service.

Ask contractors to:

demonstrate knowledge and understanding of their work and the health and safety hazards involved
provide evidence of a trained workforce and the competence of key staff for the project
confirm that they have sufficient resource levels to do the work
provide evidence of previous successful work that shows they can adopt and develop safe systems of working
In the absence of experience of previous work, ask them to demonstrate an appropriate level of technical ability (eg being a member of an accreditation scheme, professional organisation or trade association may help with this)

Further information
Using contractors: A brief guide
Managing contractors
Providing workplace facilities
Provide the right workplace facilities, including welfare and first aid before works starts

Employee welfare
Emergency planning
Planning for incidents and emergencies
Checklist - Planning for an event
Ask yourself:
Have you decided who will help you with your duties?
Is there a clear understanding within the organising team of who will be responsible for safety matters?
Have you risk assessed your event and prepared a safety plan?
Did you involve your workers during the planning of your event?
Did you liaise with other agencies?
Have you gathered and assessed relevant information to help you determine whether you have selected suitable and competent contractors?
Have you provided the right workplace facilities?
Have you planned for incidents and emergencies?